Control
- this is an essential aspect. In a broad sense, the system produces an output that must conform to a standard and enable errors to be detected. Internal processes must be able to change the error so it can be corrected, thus returning the system to a set point. There are 2 different possible responses to sensed errors known as positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback results in increased deviation from normal and only stops if the system is shut off or exhausts such as parturition. Negative feedback is decreased deviation from normal, this kind of control requires only setting of the desirable output to return to a set point and is seen in nearly all body systems
Reflexes
- reflexes enable local control and travel from the periphery to the spinal CNS and back out to the periphery. It must be noted, however, because all muscles work in antagonistic pairs, reflexes involve two pairs of muscles and thus contralateral effects must be considered. The brain has an inhibitory role in reflex loops and hence severance of the spinal can result in hyperreflexia.
Locomotion
-locomotion requires coordination so limbs must operate in a coordinated, systematic sequence. Limb movements must be a compromise between stability, maneuverability and forward motion and all movements require static and dynamic stability. Limb movements are generated by Central Pattern Generators (CPG's) which are located in the spinal cord. 4 CPG's control hind limb activity and 2 CPG's control forelimb activity. During locomotion, limbs are under reflex control for proprioception, balance and pain, limbs are also under central inhibition of reflexes. The CNS influences the level of reactivity in the reflex control loops as well as the CNS being suppressed by voluntary/conscious control.
Neural Radiation
- Neural radiation has a range of possibilities and describes how many nerves fire to muscle fibres. Fine control can be achieved by nerves firing to very few muscle fibres while larger forces can be achieved by nerves firing to many muscle fibres.
Hormones
-hormones are used as a broadcast method of control and are best regarded as a signal system that travels via blood vessels. Hormones affect the M/S system using adrenaline or noradrenaline either directly (in which muscles convert to glycolysis for immediate fuel) or indirectly (which results in increased fuels and increased blood supply to muscles).
Learn More
Crash Course Anatomy: The Nervous System, Part I
Wikipedia: Central Pattern Generator
knowledge testing
1. how are hormones used in the body and how do they affect the musculoskeletal system?
2. describe neural radiation. \
Concept Testing
1. Based on animal movements, why are there 4 CPG's in the hindlimb and only 2 CPG's in the forelimb?
2. regarding neural radiation, which muscles would be expected to have nerves firing to very few muscle fibres (fine control) and what muscles would be expected to have nerves firing to many fibres (greater force).
3. How and why does hyperreflexia occur?
- this is an essential aspect. In a broad sense, the system produces an output that must conform to a standard and enable errors to be detected. Internal processes must be able to change the error so it can be corrected, thus returning the system to a set point. There are 2 different possible responses to sensed errors known as positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback results in increased deviation from normal and only stops if the system is shut off or exhausts such as parturition. Negative feedback is decreased deviation from normal, this kind of control requires only setting of the desirable output to return to a set point and is seen in nearly all body systems
Reflexes
- reflexes enable local control and travel from the periphery to the spinal CNS and back out to the periphery. It must be noted, however, because all muscles work in antagonistic pairs, reflexes involve two pairs of muscles and thus contralateral effects must be considered. The brain has an inhibitory role in reflex loops and hence severance of the spinal can result in hyperreflexia.
Locomotion
-locomotion requires coordination so limbs must operate in a coordinated, systematic sequence. Limb movements must be a compromise between stability, maneuverability and forward motion and all movements require static and dynamic stability. Limb movements are generated by Central Pattern Generators (CPG's) which are located in the spinal cord. 4 CPG's control hind limb activity and 2 CPG's control forelimb activity. During locomotion, limbs are under reflex control for proprioception, balance and pain, limbs are also under central inhibition of reflexes. The CNS influences the level of reactivity in the reflex control loops as well as the CNS being suppressed by voluntary/conscious control.
Neural Radiation
- Neural radiation has a range of possibilities and describes how many nerves fire to muscle fibres. Fine control can be achieved by nerves firing to very few muscle fibres while larger forces can be achieved by nerves firing to many muscle fibres.
Hormones
-hormones are used as a broadcast method of control and are best regarded as a signal system that travels via blood vessels. Hormones affect the M/S system using adrenaline or noradrenaline either directly (in which muscles convert to glycolysis for immediate fuel) or indirectly (which results in increased fuels and increased blood supply to muscles).
Learn More
Crash Course Anatomy: The Nervous System, Part I
Wikipedia: Central Pattern Generator
knowledge testing
1. how are hormones used in the body and how do they affect the musculoskeletal system?
2. describe neural radiation. \
Concept Testing
1. Based on animal movements, why are there 4 CPG's in the hindlimb and only 2 CPG's in the forelimb?
2. regarding neural radiation, which muscles would be expected to have nerves firing to very few muscle fibres (fine control) and what muscles would be expected to have nerves firing to many fibres (greater force).
3. How and why does hyperreflexia occur?